Click [here](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/c616bfea-edff-477a-b8fb-dc0f66310f31/PRNANO%20issue%203(2)%20Cover.png.pdf) to download a hi-res image of the cover page. ##FEATURE ARTICLE Lisziewicz J et al: Precision COVID-19 Vaccine with Companion Diagnostics, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):487-494](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.12561) POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The COVID-19 pandemic has swept the world by storm in the past few months. Many researchers are busy to look into ways of producing effective vaccines for future protection from the virus. In this article, the authors described the potential pitfalls of traditional vaccine design by induction of antibody response, which may cause disease enhancement. They thus argued for the design and development of novel vaccines by mobilising specific cytotoxic T cell response only, using precision nanomedicine. This topic should provide food for thoughts for researchers and clinicians worldwide in the fight against COVID-19. [ALTMETRICS and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-412020) **Perspectives** A. Sommer: Thymoquinone: shield and sword against SARS-CoV-2, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):541-548]( https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.12984) POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic worldwide has been exponential over the past few months, and every effort has been used to find a drug that can combat the virus. In this article, the authors described the therapeutic potential of Thymoquinone (TQ) against the coronavirus. It is hoped that further and expedited research would be done on the safety and effective delivery of TQ for the use in clinical practice. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-472020) E. Remsey-Semmelweis et al.: A Lifesaving wake-up call from the past: “WASH YOUR HANDS!”, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):533-540](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.12928) CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The article describes concisely the pioneering achievements of Dr. Semmelweis in the introduction of hygiene standards in medicine, which have significantly improved the infection rates in patients. Especially in the current corona pandemic, his scientific findings from the 19th century are of impressive topicality. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-462020) **Discussion** Bremer-Hoffman S, Halamoda-Kenzaoui B, Box H, et al.: Launching stakeholder discussions on identified regulatory needs for nanotechnology-enabled health products, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):608-621](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.13521) POLICY Summary: REFINE’s White Paper highlights regulatory needs that require the development of additional guidance, methods, and harmonised approaches to accommodate the particularities of nanotechnology-enabled health products. The project consortium is now calling for stakeholder feedback on the identified challenges and would like to launch a debate in the nanotechnology community on how these challenges can be addressed efficiently. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-432020) **Research Articles** S.M. Moghimi and Z.S. Farhangrazi: Elevated circulating endothelin-1 as a potential biomarker for high-risk COVID-19 severity, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):622-628](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.13525) POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has so far infected 10 million patients worldwide. In this article, the authors proposed and argued for the involvement of endothelin-1 (ET-1) as a possible biomarker for patients with severe disease. The unravelling of the link of ET-1 to disease mechanism will surely help design novel nanomedicine-based testing and treatment strategies for patients infected by this virus. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-512020) Rodney Hill: Enhancing the Development of Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 by Exploring the Properties of Therapeutic Nano-structures, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):525-532](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.12680) POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: SARS-CoV-2 has caused a massive global pandemic in just a few months, with a large number of morbidity and mortality. Effective ways to combat the virus are thus urgently needed. In this article, the author outlined the disease mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and discussed various possible strategies to target and disrupt the replication of the virus, utilizing the knowledge in nanomedicine/nanotherapeutics. It is hoped that many researchers worldwide will be stimulated to design anti-viral therapies for the benefit of mankind. [ALTMETRICS and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-422020) **Reviews** Guangjun Nie et al.: Recent Advances of Nanocarriers for Effective Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):549-576](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.13444) CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Peptides have an increasingly important role in new drug development. Challenges in peptide formulation are, amongst others, short in-vivo half-life due to rapid enzymatic degradation. Nanotechnology offers promising strategies to address these limitations and the present review focus on recent advances and updates on peptide-based nanomedicines with an outlook on future developments in this emerging field. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-442020) Movia D, Prina-Mello A et. al: Latest advances in combining gold nanomaterials with physical stimuli towards new responsive therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):495-524](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.12650) CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Cancer is the second main cause of human deaths in the past decade and the treatment is usually through surgical resection, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Since most chemotherapeutic drugs are not specific to tumor cells unwanted side effects such as immunity weakening, hair loss, and vomiting are associated. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to enhance treatment efficacy and in the present review the authors focus on gold nanomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic applications activated by exogenous stimuli. The gold nanomaterial Aurolase® is of particular interest due to the translation of this stimuli responsive material from the laboratory to the clinic. [ALTMETRICS and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-402020) Eder L. Romero et al: Toll-like receptor agonist-based nanomedicines as veterinary immunotherapies, [Precis. Nanomed. 2020;3(2):577-607](https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.13493) POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: The health of animals is invariably linked to the well-being of the human race and vaccinations have been used to protect animals from many pathogens. Nonetheless, many traditional methods of vaccinations are based on injections with a few undesirable effects. Here, the authors provided an excellent review on the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists loaded in nanoparticles (NP-TLR agonists) as a novel vaccination modality so as to improve on efficacy and reduced toxicity. Its applicability in the future will surely enhance the field. [ALTMETRIC and CITATIONS](https://precisionnanomedicine.org/prnano-482020)

Toll like receptors agonists-based nanomedicines as veterinary immunotherapies